,
Document Type : Research Paper
Abstract
Arab and Muslim geographers have made great contributions to the development of geographic knowledge in general, and to the increase in information about the land, its divisions, and the dry and water on it, including seas, oceans and rivers, as well as dividing it into regions. And they had a prominent role in mentioning one of the important geographical features, namely the islands, both marine and river types. However, their greatest interest was about the offshore islands and their locations and extensions in the seas of the earth known to them. Behind this knowledge was a set of motives, the most important of which were scientific and epistemological, as geographers contributed to increasing knowledge about these islands and separated them from their inhabitants, their agricultural and industrial products, the minerals they contain, the natures of their people, their customs and traditions, as well as their locations on the shipping routes to be stations for the comfort of seafarers. They provided their geographical books with maps to determine the locations of the islands despite the different maps among them. The Arab and Muslim geographers were credited with knowing these islands and increasing information about them, based on scientific and cognitive motives urged by Islam.
- Ibn al-Faqih, Abu Abdullah Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Ishaq al-Hamdani, Kitab al-Buldan, edited by Yusuf, al-Hadi, first edition, Alam al-Kutub, 1996.
- Ahmed, Nidaa Najm al-Din and Alaa Nafi’ Jassim, A Reading of Some of al-Biruni’s Geographical Achievements, Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage (University of Baghdad), 2014.
- Ahmed, Nidaa Najm al-Din and Shaker Abdul Aziz Abdullah, Weather conditions in the Islamic regions between heritage and modernity, Ahmed al-Dabbagh Press, Baghdad, 2003.
- The Ikhwan al-Safa, Letters of the Ikhwan al-Safa and Khalan al-Wafa, Dar Sader, Beirut - Lebanon, 1957.
- Arslan, Shakib, The History of the Arab Conquests in France, Switzerland, Italy, and Algeria in the Mediterranean, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut - Lebanon, 1997.
- Pasha, Ahmed Mufid Saleh, The History of the Sea and Its Features, Talaasim Dar Press, Damascus - Syria, 1990.
- Hassan, Zaki Muhammad, Muslim Travelers in the Middle Ages, Dar Al-Raed Al-Arabi, Bayut - Lebanon, 1981.
- Hassan, Kamal Abdullah and Muhammad Karim Ibrahim, Anbar University - College of Arts. (2014). Al-Biruni, the exceptional astronomical mind. LARK JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, 14(6).
- Hassan, Muhammad Abd al-Ghani, Al-Sharif Al-Idrisi, the most famous geographer of Arabs and Islam, General Authority for Authorship and Publishing, Cairo - Egypt, 1971.
- Al-Hamawi, Yaqut bin Abdullah, Mu’jam al-Buldan, second edition, Dar Sader, Beirut - Lebanon, 1993.
- Hamida, Abdul Rahman, Notable Arab Geographers and Excerpts from their Antiquities, 1st edition, Dar Al-Fikr, Damascus - Syria, 1984.
- Hourani, George Fadlo, Arabs and Navigation in the Indian Ocean in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, translated by Yacoub Bokra, Cairo - Egypt, 1958.
- Khasbak, Shaker, Ibn Battuta and his journey, Al-Adab Press, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, 1971.
- Khasbak, Shaker, in Arabic Geography, Dar Al Salam Press, Baghdad, 1975.
- Khurshid, Ibrahim Zaki and others, a summary from the Islamic Encyclopedia, Al-Shaab Press, Cairo - Egypt, 1933.
- Al-Dimashqi, Shams al-Din Abi Abdullah bin Muhammad Abi Talib al-Ansari, The Elite of Time in the Wonders of Land and Sea, Al-Muthanna Library, Baghdad, 2019.
- Al-Zarkani, Khalil Hassan, Impressions of Arab and Muslim Travelers on Japan, Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage, (University of Baghdad), Baghdad, 2002.
- Ziadeh, Nicola, The Arab Traveler, Al-Hilal Publishing House, Beirut - Lebanon, 1969.
- Salem Saadoun Al-Mubadir, The Arabian Gulf (A Study in Regional Geography), Freedom Printing House, Baghdad, 1981.
- Sahad, Wardiyeh Muhammad, The Confusion of Meaning in the Collection of Maqam Al-Buh by Abdullah Al-Ashi, Dar Ghaida for Publishing and Distribution, Amman - Jordan, 2012.
- Al-Sakhri, Abu Ishaq bin Muhammad Al-Farsi, Paths and Kingdoms, edited by Muhammad Jaber Abdel-Al Muhammad Shafiq Gharbal, Ministry of Culture, Egypt, 1961.
- Tamas, Youssef Yahya, The Role of the Arabs in the Development of Marine Sciences, Research Papers of the Fifth National Symposium on the History of Science among the Arabs, Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage (University of Baghdad), Al-Rashad Press, Baghdad, 1989.
- Talaat Ahmed Muhammad Abdo and Houria Muhammad Hussein Jadallah, Geography of the Seas and Oceans, Dar Al-Ma’rifa University, Egypt, 1994.
- Toofan, Qadri Hafez, Sciences among the Arabs, the Twenty-Eighth Annual Conference on the History of Sciences among the Arabs, Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage (University of Baghdad), 2007.
- Abbas Fadel Al-Saadi, The Arabian Gulf Basin, Al-Dar Al-Mawdhiyya for Publishing and Distribution, 2019.
- Abdullah, Tawfiq Aziz, Folktales, National Library, Jordan, 2010.
- Al-Obaidi, Nida Najm al-Din, Ibn Hawqal, his sources and method, Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage (University of Baghdad), National Library, Baghdad, 2004.
- Al-Obaidi, Nidaa Najm al-Din, Arab originality in Arab sciences, Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage (University of Baghdad), 2008.
- Al-Obaidi, Nidaa Najm al-Din, Arab and Islamic leadership in discovering the islands of the Indian Ocean, Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage (University of Baghdad), 2008.
- Othman, Shawqi Abdel-Qawi, Indian Ocean Trade in the Era of Islamic Supremacy, National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature, Kuwait, 1990.
- Fawzi, Hussein, The Old Hadith of Sinbad, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Lubani, Beirut - Lebanon, 1977.
- Crowther, Science and Society, translated by Ibrahim Hilmi and Amin Thakla, Arab Press Agency, 2021.
- Ludwig, Emile, The Mediterranean (The Fates of the Sea), translated by Adel Zhiter, Dar Al-Qalam for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Lebanon, 2020.
- Muhammad, Fahim Hussein, Travel Literature, National Council for Culture and Arts, Kuwait, 1989.
- Orientalists, Jamhara, The Heritage of Islam, Arabization of Zarzis Fathallah, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Tali’ah, Beirut - Lebanon, 1972.
- Al-Masoudi, Abi Al-Hassan bin Al-Hussein bin Ali, Meadows of Gold and Substantial Minerals, Volume One, Dar Al-Afriqiya Al-Arabiya Library, Lebanon, 1989.
- Al-Maqdisi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr, Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma’rifat al-Aqlimah, April Press, Leiden, 1909.
- Al-Mawsili, Muhammad bin Ali, Ibn Hawqal (Surah Al-Ard), Al-Hayat Library House, Beirut - Lebanon, 1971.
- Al-Nusaybin, Abu Al-Qasim Ibn Hawqal, Suwarat Al-Ard, Brill Press, Leiden, 1939.
- Al-Hadi Mustafa Abu Luqma and Muhammad Ali Al-Aawar, Marine Geography, second edition, Al-Jamahiriya House for Publishing and Distribution, 1999.
- Yousry Al-Gawhary, Geography of the Mediterranean, Mansha’at Al-Ma’arif Press, Alexandria - Egypt, 1984.
- Al-Yaqoubi, Ahmed bin Ishaq bin Jaafar bin Wahb bin Wadh, History of Al-Yaqoubi, Dar Sader, Beirut - Lebanon, 1992.
- Al-Yaqoubi, Ahmad bin Yaqoub bin Wadh, Kitab Al-Buldan, Al-Haidariyya Press, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, 1918.